Economic Impact of Agriculture
Custer County
Custer County is a rural county located in the southeastern part of the state. Over 86% of land in Custer County is classified as farm land.
Overview
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| Median Farm Size (acres) | 600 |
| Average Farm Size (acres) | 4,737 |
Source: Census of Agriculture: Table 1: County Summary Highlights: 2017
Farm Revenue
Farm revenue (which includes the market value of products sold, government payments,
and farm-related income) were over $83 million while production expenses were $67
million. Government payments were 4% of farm revenues.
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| Net Farm Cash Income | $16,320,000 |
Source: Census of Agriculture: Tables 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6: 2017
Taxation
The market value of all property in Custer County was approximately $1 billion in
2019. The taxable value assigned by the Montana Department of Revenue was $22 million.
Agricultural Property (as defined by Montana Department of Revenue as Class 3 Property)
comprised 14% of the county's taxable value.
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2014 |
| Market Value of Property | $1,102,305,706 | $632,048,923 |
| Taxable Value of All Property | $22,370,518 | $16,568,979 |
| Taxable Value ofAgricultural Property | $3,199,671 | $3,196,183 |
| Ag Taxable Value as % of All Property | 14% | 19% |
Source: Montana Dept. of Rev. Montana Taxes by County in2018and Montana Taxes by County in2014
Market Value of Crops and Livestock
After adjusting for inflation, the market value of crops increased by 7%, while the market value of livestock increased by nearly 68%, from 1997 to 2017.
Sources: Census of Agriculture: Table 1: County Summary Highlights: 2017 and St. Louis Fed Producer Price Index
Crops and Livestock
Cattle (82%) and other crops and hay (7%) comprised 89% of total crop and livestock sales in 2017.
Source: Census of Agriculture: Table 2: County Summary Highlights: 2017
Farm Size by Acres
The percentage of smaller farms, less than 500 acres, decreased slightly from 52% to 49%, while the percentage of larger farms, 500 acres or more, increased slightly from 48% to 51% from 2012 to 2017.
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by Acres |
2017
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2012
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Farms |
% |
Number of
Farms |
% |
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1 to 9
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39
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9
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40
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9
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10 to 49
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68
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15
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65
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15
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50 to 179
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79
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18
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71
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17
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180 to 499
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28
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6
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44
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10
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500 to 999
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55
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12
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29
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7
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1,000 or more
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172
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39
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174
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41
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TOTAL
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441
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100
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423
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100
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Farm Size by Sales
The proportion of total sales from of the smallest farms with less than $100,000 in sales increased from 64% to 69%, while the proportion of total sales from the largest farms with sales of $100,000 or more decreased from 36% to 31% from 2012 to 2017.
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by Sales |
2017
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2012
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Farms |
% |
Number of
Farms |
% |
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Less than 2,500
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123
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28
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113
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27
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2,500 to 4,999
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24
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5
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21
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5
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5,000 to 9,999
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23
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5
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37
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9
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10,000 to 24,999
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36
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8
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33
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8
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25,000 to 49,999
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53
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12
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39
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9
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50,000 to 99,999
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44
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10
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29
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7
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100,000 or more
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138
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31
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151
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36
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TOTAL
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441
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100
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423
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100
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Source: Census of Agriculture: Table 1: County Summary Highlights: 2017
Tillage and Land Use
The percentage of farms using reduced tillage or cover crops increased, while the percentage of farms using intensive tillage decreased from 2012 to 2017.
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2017
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2012
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Farms |
% |
Number of
Farms |
% |
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No tillage
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34
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8
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34
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8
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Reduced tillage
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35
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8
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16
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4
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Intensive tillage
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62
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14
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98
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23
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Cover crops
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25
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6
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11
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3
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TOTAL
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441
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423
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Producer Profile
The county producer population was somewhat younger than the Montana producer population.
Thirty-eight percent of county producers were under 55 years of age, while 31% were
over 65 years of age. Thirty-four percent of the Montana producer population were
under 55, while 36% were over 65 years of age. Fifty-eight percent of producers in
the county were males, while 60% of Montana producers were males. Farming was the
primary occupation for 48% of county producers, while farming was the primary occupation
for 50% of Montana producers.
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County
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State
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Producers |
% |
Number of
Producers |
% |
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Age
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18 -25
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13
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2
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570
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1
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25 to 34
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96
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11
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3,285
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7
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35 to 44
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82
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10
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5,179
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11
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45 to 54
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132
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15
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7,309
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15
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55 to 64
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237
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28
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13,838
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29
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65 to 74
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164
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19
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11,469
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24
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75 and older
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99
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12
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5,587
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12
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Gender
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Male
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497
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58
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28,563
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60
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Female
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359
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42
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18,673
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40
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Primary Occupation
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Yes
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412
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48
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23,847
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50
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No
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444
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52
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24,314
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50
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TOTAL PRODUCERS
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856
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100
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48,161
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100
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Source: Census of Agriculture: Table 45 Selected Operation and Producer Characteristics
Top Crops by Acre
The top crops were hay and haylage, winter and spring wheat and barley.
Source: Census of Agriculture: Table 1: County Summary Highlights: 2017
Top Livestock
The top livestock were cattle, sheep, and poultry (chickens and turkeys).
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Cattle
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90,952
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Sheep
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5,461
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Chicken-Layers
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792
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Chicken-Broilers
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110
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Turkeys
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52
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Source: Census of Agriculture: Tables 11 (Cattle), 13 (Sheep) and 19 (Poultry)
Employment Impact
Agricultural production employed 760 workers, or 12% of the county’s labor force.
According to IMPLAN, economic impact model, 499 of the workers were directly employed
in production agriculture. An additional 174 workers were employed in businesses
supporting agricultural production, such as feed and fertilizer dealers, and another
87 workers were employed in other related businesses, such as grocery and drugs stores.
For every 10 jobs on farms and ranches, 5 additional jobs are generated in the county.
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Impact Multipliers |
| County Labor Force | 6,153 | |
| Direct Impact | 499 | |
| Indirect Impact | 174 | 0.35 |
| Induced Impact | 87 | 0.17 |
| Total Impact | 760 | 0.52 |
| Agriculture Share (%) | 12 |
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov/#cntyaa and IMPLAN Estimates
Value Added Impacts
Farms and ranches generated $48.3 million of value-added, or 10% of the county’s total gross domestic product of $506 million in 2017. According to IMPLAN, $29.3 million was directly contributed by farmers and ranchers. An additional $13.6 million was generated by businesses supporting agricultural production and $5.4 million was generated by other related businesses. Each dollar of value-added in agriculture by a farmer or rancher contributes an additional $0.64 of value-added in other sectors of the county’s economy.
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Impact Type |
($1 million) |
Impact Multipliers |
| County GDP* | 506.0 | |
| Direct Impact** | 29.3 | |
| Indirect Impact** | 13.6 | 0.46 |
| Induced Impact** | 5.4 | 0.18 |
| Total Impact** | 48.3 | 0.64 |
| Agriculture Share (%) | 10 |
Sources: * St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank, ** IMPLAN Estimates
References
- 2017 Census of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Montana, State and County Data, Volume 1, Geographic Area Series, part 26 https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_State_Level/Montana/mtv1.pdf
- Department of Revenue “Montana Taxes by County in 2014“ https://mtrevenue.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2014-Taxes-by-County.pdf
- Department of Revenue “Montana Taxes by County in 2018” https://mtrevenue.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2018-Taxes-by-County.pdf
- St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank (2017). Current dollar gross domestic product by county
for Montana, retrieved from https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release/tables?rid=397&
eid=1062609&od=2017-01-01# - St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank (2020). Producer price index for all commodities, St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank, retrieved from https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PPIACO
- Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017), Montana labor force, retrieved from https://bls.gov/lau/#cntyaa
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