White Heat Tracks: Understanding Travel Behavior In Avalanche Terrain
Overview
This project aims to collect GPS location information and survey responses from backcountry skiers and riders to better understand what types of terrain decision we make. Our focus is on backcountry skiers and riders of all abilities and experience. You need not be an expert backcountry skier to participate in this research.
If you are a snowmobile rider (a.k.a. "sledder") and want to participate - we have
a separate project just for sled tracks ->www.montana.edu/snowscience/sleds
The White Heat Tracks project is an extension to the previous "SkiTracks" project, and is funded by The Norwegian Research Council. The project is collaboration between a group of researchers at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, in Tromsø; Montana State University, in Bozeman, USA; and Umeå University, in Umeå, Sweden. The home of the project is at the Centre for Avalanche Research and Education (CARE) at UiT. For more about the White Heat Project click here.
A video summarizing the White Heat Tracks project can be see here:
Participation
If you are interested in taking part in this project and sharing your GPX ski track information and responding to a few simple questions, then follow the easy steps below:
Please note: that steps 1 and 2 only need to be done once. Steps 3 to 5 can be done for every trip thereafter.
1. Complete a decision making survey (15-20 mins)
To get started, please complete a decision making and demographics survey so that we know who you are and how you think about risk in the back country. You only need to do this survey once.
You can do this now, or after you have submitted some tracks. We will also send you an email about this later in the season.
Click on the link to start the survey: https://montana.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_74aRQuWMj0wbJHv
2. Download the application “SkiTracks” by CoreCoders or "Mountain Hub" to track your trips:
You are welcome to use any other tracking application you prefer, as long as you can email us your .GPX files.
Once you have downloaded and installed one of these applications on your GPS enabled smart phone or tablet, then you are ready to track and send us your GPX track data. Please note that the tracking component of the Mountain Hub app, currently only works on iPhones.
3. Track your trips.
Every time you go out for a backcountry trip, simply start your application and log your track.
IF you want to do more - then take photos of any key decision points – e.g. Did you see an avalanche and then decide to ski elsewhere (take a photo of the avalanche). Did you dig a snowpit and find out more information about the nature of the instability (take a photo of the snowpit). Or did you stop and discuss the route ahead (take a photo of the route ahead). Each photo is geo-referenced in both SkiTracks and MountainHub, so we can see where you were when you made this decision or discovered new information.
Once you have finished your trip, end by saving it. When you are back in cell phone or internet coverage, please send us your track and any photos. For SkiTracks, go into “History”, click on your track and share via email. In Mountain Hub, use the "share" icon and email us your track.
Please email your GPX file to [email protected]
4. Automatic reply
Once we receive your track (as a GPX file), we will send you an automatic email reply with a link to the post trip survey.
5. Complete a short (2-3 min), post-trip survey
Click on the link for the post trip survey from your smartphone, tablet or computer and complete the survey. We need you to complete this survey after every trip, so that we have both the track and the survey data. Together, these data will provide insights into decision making.
Or bookmark the website so you can easily navigate to the survey following every trip.
Confidentiality
We will not share your email address with anyone outside of the immediate research group. We will only use your email address to link your track information with your survey responses. We will also use your email address to contact you, should you win one of our spot prizes. Good luck!
More information
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Do I need to use SkiTracks or Mountain Hub?
No. We will certainly accept GPX files from GPS units and / or other smart phone apps. Please email these to the email address [email protected] as you will then receive an automatic reply with a link to the post trip survey. We have suggested that people use the SkiTracks or the Mountain Hub application only because it makes it easy for people to share their GPX file with us - a standalone GPS or another app works just as well for data collection, it's just that you need to connect / download and then email the track (which is more work than sharing their track via the SkiTracks app).
As a side note - no one working on this project has any financial connection with the developers of SkiTracks or Mountain Hub. These applications are just ones that do most of what we need it to for our project.
What about battery life?
If using SkiTracks then to reduce power usage, you will be tracked using triangulation from cell towers (if within range), and by GPS if out of range. Regardless of the method of tracking, SkiTracks will check battery life and stop tracking once the level gets below a predefined threshold (20% by default). This ensures that you will always have sufficient battery power to make emergency calls. You can adjust this threshold to a lower value if you wish (e.g. 10%). Based on testing using a range of phones, we have managed to track continuously for between 8 and 12 hours. Older phones, with older batteries may manage less. Cold phones even less. Keep your phone warm if possible.
What about interference?
There has only been only a limited amount of work on this issue, however it does seem that electronic devices (e.g. cell phones, radios, headlamps, MP3 players, GPSs, etc.) can affect avalanche transceivers. The electronic devices affect the searching beacon more than the transmitting beacon. Most manufactures of electronic equipment do not mention possible interference between their electronics and avalanche transceivers. However, a few diligent manufactures, such as Petzl, mention avalanche transceivers specifically. This note that comes with the Petzl Tikka XP2 headlamp: "Warning, when your lamp is lit and in close proximity to an avalanche beacon in receive (find) mode, it can interfere with the operation of the beacon. In case of interference (indicated by static noise from the beacon), move the beacon away from the lamp until the noise stops, or switch off the lamp." In search mode, irregular readings and decreased range can also be caused by other sources of electrical interference, such as power lines, lightning, and electrical generating equipment. Chairlifts also generate background "noise" that can affect the searching transceiver.
Based on one, very limited study (Barkhausen 2012), the distance between the electronic
device and the avalanche transceiver seems to be the key issue. Various avalanche
transceiver manufacturers suggest 30cm (12 inches) to 50cm (20 inches) and based on
the results from Barkhausen (2012) you should attempt to keep them at least 40cm away
from one another to minimize the impact of the potential interference of your phone
or GPS on your avalanche transceiver. Further work is needed to examine issues around
orientation / transceiver to device combinations / smart phone sending or receiving
data etc etc. However in the meantime, we suggest that the top pocket of your pack,
or a thigh pocket on your pants might be a good location for your phone or GPS.
Have other questions?
Please email us at [email protected] and we will respond to your questions. Happy skiing and tracking!
Results To Date
Hendrikx, J. Johnson, J., and Shelly, C., 2016. Using GPS tracking to explore terrain preferences of heli-ski guides. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 13, 34-43.
Hendrikx, J and J. Johnson. 2016. Understanding global crowd sourcing data to examine travel behaviour in avalanche terrain. Proceedings of the 2016 International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado.
Hendrikx, J and J. Johnson. 2016. Tracking snowmobilers to understand travel behaviour in avalanche terrain. Proceedings of the 2016 International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado.
Hendrikx, J and J. Johnson. 2016. Heli-ski guide tracking for institutional memory and auditing. Proceedings of the 2016 International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado.
Hendrikx, J., and Johnson, J., 2014. Using global crowd-sourced data to understand travel behavior in avalanche terrain. Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, September 28 - October 3, 2014, Banff, Alberta, Canada. PAPER
Hendrikx, J., Shelly, C., and Johnson, J., 2014. Tracking heli-ski guides to understand decision making in avalanche terrain. Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, September 28 - October 3, 2014, Banff, Alberta, Canada. PAPER / POSTER
Hendrikx, J., Johnson, J. and Southworth, E., 2013. Understanding Travel Behaviour in Avalanche Terrain: A New Approach. Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, October 7-11, 2013, Grenoble, France. PAPER /POSTER
Related news coverage
Powder Editor visits MSU for forum
Video of the Snow Science and the Human Factor Forum - Feb., 17, 2015
Powder Magazine's "Human Factor 2.0"
Excerpt about this research from Powder Magazine's "Human Factor 2.0"
Carve Magazine - February, 2016
NOTE: This project has undergone MSU Human Subjects Review
A schematic showing our data flow for this project, with an example of a GPS track
log (shown in blue) overlain on Google Earth (Image courtesy of Google Earth); and
example output data from this track showing the distribution of slope angles travelled
on this days; and the resulting decision making process.